Specifically, hybrid warsespecially threaten the government’s sovereignty due to lack of soil governance, unclear front lines, casus belli (an act or political occurrence which brings about a declaration of war) and politico-strategic goals, and new tactics that focus on the weakening of governments rather than on direct combat. Many modern conflicts are likely to arise as a consequence of regional struggles with governments facing non-governmental actors who operate in concert with external players. ![]() As a hybrid form of warfare, the Donbass war is an especially interesting case study as neither Ukraine nor any other entity declared war status. The Donbass war is an armed conflict between anti-government groups of Russian-backed separatists and the Ukrainian government, taking place in the aftermath of the 2013 Euromaidan protests and the 2014 Ukrainian revolution. This knowledge is crucial to mitigate the damaging consequences of the conflict, target aid and investment effectively, and finally ensure the reconstruction of a badly wounded economy. As the war is ongoing, we expect higher costs in the future. ![]() In our recent study we are the first to quantify the actual cost of the Donbass war on Ukraine’s economy. Our statistical analysis shows that, due to the war, Ukraine’s per capita GDP declined by 15.1% on average over the years 2013-2017 and, in its absence, would have instead followed a rather stable, slowly increasing trend. ![]() With more than ten thousand casualties, the ongoing hybrid war between Russian-backed separatists and the government in the Donbass region, Ukraine’s industrial production centre, has taken a severe toll on the country.
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